A powerful method for In Situ and rapid detection of trace nanoplastics in water-Mie scattering.

The pervasive presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in environmental media has raised significant concerns regarding their implications for environmental safety and human health. However, owing to their tiny size and low level in the environment, there is still a lack of effective methods for measuring the amount of NPs. Leveraging the principles of Mie scattering, a novel approach for rapid in situ quantitative detection of small NPs in low concentrations in water has been developed. A limit of detection of 4.2 µg/L for in situ quantitative detection of polystyrene microspheres as small as 25 nm was achieved, and satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained. The results of three self-ground NPs showed that the method can quantitatively detect the concentration of NPs in a mixture of different particle sizes. The satisfactory recoveries (82.4% to 110.3%) of the self-ground NPs verified the good anti-interference ability of the method. The total concentrations of the NPs in the five brands of commercial bottled water were 0.07 to 0.39 µg/L, which were directly detected by the method. The proposed method presents a potential approach for conducting in situ and real-time environmental risk assessments of NPs on human and ecosystem health in actual water environments.

Size effects of microplastics on antibiotic resistome and core microbiome in an urban river.

Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments provide a new ecological niche that facilitates the attachment of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogens. However, the effect of particle size on the colonization of antibiotic resistomes and pathogens remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study explored the antibiotic resistome and core microbiome on three distinct types of MPs including polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene (PS), with varying sizes of 30, 200, and 3000 µm by metagenomic sequencing. Our finding showed that the ARG abundances of the PS type increased by 4-folds with increasing particle size from 30 to 3000 µm, and significant differences in ARG profiles were found across the three MP types. In addition, the concentrations of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were markedly higher in the MPs than in the surrounding water, indicating their enrichment at these artificial interfaces. Notably, several pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Legionella pneumophila were enriched in MP biofilms, and the co-occurrence of ARGs and virulence factor genes (VFGs)/MGEs suggested the presence of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant microbes with potential mobility. Both redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that physicochemical properties such as zeta potential, MP size, and contact angle were the most significant contributors to the antibiotic resistome. Strikingly, no significant differences were observed in the health risk scores of the ARG profiles among different sizes and types of MPs. This study expands our knowledge on the impact of MP size on microbial risks, thus enhancing our understanding of the potential health hazards they pose.

Secreted salt and hydrodynamic factors combine to affect dynamic fluctuations of microplastics on mangrove leaves.

Mangrove leaves have been acknowledged as crucial sink for coastal microplastics (MPs). Whereas, the temporal dynamics of MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves have remained poorly understood. Here, we detected MPs intercepted by submerged and non-submerged mangrove leaves over time and the potential driving factors. Abundance and characteristics of MPs interception by mangrove leaves exhibited dynamic fluctuations, with the coefficient of variation (CV) of submerged mangrove leaves (CV = 0.604; 1.76 n/g to 15.45 n/g) being approximately twofold higher than non-submerged mangrove leaves (CV = 0.377; 0.74 n/g to 3.28 n/g). Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) analysis further illustrated that MPs abundance on submerged mangrove leaves were negative correlated to hydrodynamic factors (i.e., current velocity and tidal range). Intriguingly, secreted salt as a significantly driver of MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves. Results of this work highlights that MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves is characterized by dynamic fluctuations and reveals the importance of hydrodynamic factors and secreted salt. Overall, this work identifies the pivotal buffering role played by mangrove leaves in intercepting MPs, which provides basic knowledge for better understanding of microplastic pollution status and control from mangrove plants.

New materials-based on gelatin coordinated with zirconium or aluminum for ecological retanning.

Ecological retanning agent is an effective way to solve the pollution source of leather manufacturing industry. In this study, the gelatin from chrome-containing leather shavings in the leather industry was used to realize sustainable leather post-tanning. The gelatin hydrolysate (GH) coordinated with Zr4+ or Al3+ to prepare eco-friendly retanning agents GH-Zr and GH-Al. The successful coordination between GH and metal ions was characterized by FTIR and XPS. The retanning agents were characterized by FTIR curve-fitting and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results showed that the conformation of the secondary structure of the polypeptide became ordered and stable after coordinating with the metal ions. The particle size and weight average molecular weight of the retanning agents were ~1700 nm and ~2100, respectively, measured by nanoparticle size analyzer and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The retanning agents were applied to retanning of chrome tanned leather and glutaraldehyde tanned leather. The abundant free amino from retanning agents can consume the free formaldehyde. Meanwhile, retanning agents can effectively improve the multiple binding sites, resulting in favorable thickening rate (>110 %) and excellent dye and fatliquor absorption rate with ~99.91 % and ~93.18 %. Thus, this strategy can provide a viable choice for solid leather waste and sustainable development of the leather industry.

Comparison of the Correlations of Microbial Community and Volatile Compounds between Pit-Mud and Fermented Grains of Compound-Flavor Baijiu.

The microbial composition and volatile components of fermented grains (FG) and pit mud (PM) are crucial for the quality and flavor of compound-flavor baijiu (CFB). The physicochemical indices, culturable microorganisms, microbial communities, and volatile components of FG and PM were analyzed and correlated in our research. Considering FG and PM, amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community and the volatile components were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME). For FG, redundancy analysis and correlation perfume Circos were used to clarify the correlations between the dominant microbial community and volatile components. The results showed that Aspergillus, Pichia, and Rhizopus were the main fungal microflora in FG and PM, whereas Lactobacillus and Bacillus were the dominant bacteria in FG, and Methanosarcina and Clostridium sensu stricto 12 were the dominant bacteria in the PM. The microbial community and volatile compounds in the CB sampled from the bottom layers of the FG were greatly affected by those in the PM. There were 32 common volatile components in CB and PM. For FG, most of the volatile components were highly correlated with Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Pichia, and Monascus, which includes alcohols, acids and esters. This study reveals correlations between microbial composition, volatile components, and the interplay of FG and PM, which are conducive to optimizing the fermentation process and improving the quality of CFB base.

Insight into the role of niche concept in deciphering the ecological drivers of MPs-associated bacterial communities in mangrove forest.

Myriad inherent and variable environmental features are controlling the assembly and succession of bacterial communities colonizing on mangrove microplastics (MPs). However, the mechanisms governing mangrove MPs-associated bacterial responses to environmental changes still remain unknown. Here, we assessed the dissimilarities of MPs-associated bacterial composition, diversity and functionality as well as quantified the niche variations of each taxon on plastispheres along river-mangrove-ocean and mangrove landward-to-seaward gradients in the Beibu Gulf, China, respectively. The bacterial richness and diversity as well as the niche breadth on mangrove sedimentary MPs dramatically decreased from landward to seaward regions. Characterizing the niche variations linked the difference of ecological drivers of MPs-associated bacterial populations and functions between river-mangrove-ocean (microplastic properties) and mangrove landward-to-seaward plastispheres (sediment physicochemical properties) to the trade-offs between selective stress exerted by inherent plastic substrates and microbial competitive stress imposed by environmental conditions. Notably, Rhodococcus erythropolis was predicted to be the generalist species and closely associated to biogeochemical cycles of mangrove plastispheres. Our work provides a reliable pathway for tackling the hidden mechanisms of environmental factors driving MPs-associated microbe from perspectives of niches and highlights the spatial dynamic variations of mangrove MPs-associated bacteria.

Insights into the influence of physicochemical parameters on the microbial community and volatile compounds during the ultra-long fermentation of compound-flavor Baijiu.

Introduction: While the variation in physicochemical parameters, microbial communities, metabolism, composition, and the proportion of volatile components in fermented grains (FG) affect final Baijiu quality, their complex interactions during the ultra-long fermentation of compound-flavor Baijiu (CFB) are still poorly understood. Methods: In this study, amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community, and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components in FG during ultra-long fermentation of CFB. The relationships between the dominant microbial communities, physicochemical parameters, and volatile components were analyzed using redundancy analysis and network analysis. Results: During ultra-long fermentation, bacterial diversity was initially higher than during the mid and late stages. Fungal diversity in the mid stages was higher than that initially and later in the process. A total of 88 volatile components, including six alcohols, 43 esters, eight aldehydes and ketones, 13 acids, and 18 other compounds were detected in FG. Starch and reducing sugars in FG strongly affected the composition and function of bacterial and fungal communities. However, acidity had little effect on the composition and function of the bacterial flora. Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Weissella, and Pichia were the core microbial genera involved in metabolizing the volatile components of FG. Discussion: We provide insights into the relationships and influences among the dominant microbial communities, physicochemical parameters, and volatile components during ultra-long fermentation of CFB. These insights help clarify the fermentation mechanisms of solid-state fermentation Baijiu (SFB) and control and improve the aroma quality of CFB.

Quantifying health risks of plastisphere antibiotic resistome and deciphering driving mechanisms in an urbanizing watershed.

Microplastics (MPs) ubiquitous in environments promote the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), threatening ecosystem safety and human health. However, quantitative assessments of the health risks of ARGs (HRA) in plastisphere and an in-depth exploration of their driving mechanisms are still lacking. Here, the microbiomes, ARGs, and community assembly processes of five types of MPs in an urbanizing watershed were systematically investigated. By fully considering the abundance, clinical availability, human pathogenicity, human accessibility, and mobility of 660 ARGs in plastisphere, the HRA on MPs were quantified and compared. Polyethylene had the highest HRA among the five MP types, and urbanization further increased its risk index. In addition to abiotic factors, more complex biotic factors have been shown to drive HRA in plastisphere. Specifically, dispersal limitation accounted for the increasing diversity and interaction of bacteria that determined HRA in plastisphere. Further analysis of metabolic functions indicated that a higher HRA was accompanied by decreased normal metabolic functions of plastisphere microbiota due to the higher fitness costs of ARGs. This study advances the quantitative surveillance of HRA in plastisphere and understanding of its driving mechanisms. This will be helpful for the management of both MPs and ARGs treatments for human health.

Selective enrichments for color microplastics loading of marine lipophilic phycotoxins.

Microplastics (MPs) and marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) are two classes of emerging contaminants. Together, they may exacerbate the negative impacts on nearshore marine ecosystems. Herein, the loading of 14 representative MLPs, closely related to toxin-producing algae, on MPs and their relations with colorful MPs have been explored for the first time based on both field and lab data. The objectives of our study are to explore the roles of multiple factors (waterborne MLPs and MP characteristics) in the loading of MLPs by MPs with the applications of various statistical means, and to further explore the role of the color of MP in the loading of specific MLPs through lab simulation experiments. Our results demonstrated that MPs color determined the loading of some specific MLPs on MPs and green MPs can load much more than other colorful fractions (p < 0.05). These interesting phenomena illustrated that the color effects on the loading processes of MLPs on MPs are a dynamic process, and it can be well explained by the shading effect of MP color, which may affect the growth and metabolism of the attached toxic-producing algae on MPs and hence the production of specific MLPs. Furthermore, loading of MLPs on MPs can be considered as the comprehensive physicochemical and biological processes. Our results caution us that special attention should be paid to explore the real-time dynamic color shading effects on all kinds of bio-secreted contaminants loading on MPs, and highlight the necessary to comprehensive investigate the interaction between biota, organic contaminants and MPs.

Decline Mechanism of Graphite/Lithium Metal Hybrid Anode and Its Stabilization by Inorganic-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interface.

The graphite/lithium metal hybrid anode shows great potential for achieving high-specific-energy lithium batteries. Despite the "dead lithium" problem caused by repeated stripping and deposition of Li component based on a conversion reaction, the degradation mechanism, based on intercalation reaction, of graphite in a hybrid anode is generally ignored. In this contribution, through in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ Raman analysis, we reveal that hysteresis and the mixed-phase state of graphite during deintercalation play a critical role in hybrid battery degradation. On the other hand, we successfully mitigated graphite degradation and increased the reversible capacity of the hybrid anode by introducing an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface. Remarkably, the hybrid anode (30% higher specific capacity compared to graphite) exhibits an average coulombic efficiency of 99.11% and retains 96.13% of initial capacity over 120 cycles. This work sheds new light on the advancement of high-specific-energy lithium secondary batteries.

An electrochemical sensor derived from Cu-BTB MOF for the efficient detection of diflubenzuron in food and environmental samples.

Diflubenzuron is widely used as a benzoylurea insecticide, and its impact on human health should not be underestimated. Therefore, the detection of its residues in food and the environment is crucial. In this paper, octahedral Cu-BTB was fabricated using a simple hydrothermal method. It served as a precursor for synthesizing Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C with a core-shell structure through annealing, creating an electrochemical sensor for the detection of diflubenzuron. The response of Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C/GCE, expressed as ΔI/I0 exhibited a linear correlation with the logarithm of the diflubenzuron concentration ranging from 1.0 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-12 mol·L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 130 fM using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrochemical sensor demonstrated excellent stability, reproducibility, and anti-interference properties. Moreover, Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C/GCE was successfully employed to quantitatively determine diflubenzuron in actual food samples (tomato and cucumber) and environmental samples (Songhua River water, tap water, and local soil) with good recoveries. Finally, the possible mechanism of Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C/GCE for monitoring diflubenzuron was thoroughly investigated.

Epileptic seizures worsen the gait and motor abnormalities in adult patients with Dravet syndrome (with a case report and literature review).

Dravet syndrome (DS), previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI), is considered the most serious "epileptic encephalopathy." Here, we present a man with a de novo SCN1A mutation who was diagnosed with DS at the age of 29. In addition to pharmaco-resistant seizures and cognitive delay, he also developed moderate to severe motor and gait problems, such as crouching gait and Pisa syndrome. Moreover, it deteriorated significantly following an epileptic seizure. The patient presented with severe flexion of the head and trunk in the sagittal plane and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for camptocormia and antecollis. After a week, it spontaneously alleviated partially. We applied levodopa to the patient and had a good response. Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) was assessed at three different times: 4 days after the seizure, 1 week after the seizure, and after taking levodopa for 2 years. The results were 4, 12, and 19 points, respectively. We postulated that: (1) gait and motor deficits are somehow influenced by recurrent epileptic episodes;(2) the nigrostriatal dopamine system is involved. To our knowledge, we were the ones who first reported this phenomenon.

Distinct microplastics abundance variation in root-associated sediments revealed the underestimation of mangrove microplastics pollution.

Mangrove sediment is acknowledged as the critical sink of microplastics (MPs). However, the potential effect of mangrove root systems on the MPs migration in sediment remains largely unknown. Here, our study characterized the spatial distribution of MPs trapped in root hair, rhizosphere, and non-rhizosphere zones, and analyzed their correlations with physicochemical properties of sediments. The significantly increased MPs abundances toward root systems shed light on the distinct effect on the migration of MPs exerted by mangrove root systems. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed that pore water content and pH influenced the abundances of different MP characteristics (shape, color, size, and type) and further promoted the accumulation of MPs toward the root systems. In different mangrove areas from landward to seaward, other sediment properties (median grain size, clay content, and salinity) also controlled MP distribution. Additionally, smaller-sized MPs (<1000 µm) were more easily transported to the root systems. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering root systems effect when investigating the mechanisms of MPs distribution and migration in mangrove sediments.

Engineering Triple-Phase Interfaces Enabled by Layered Double Perovskite Oxide for Boosting Polysulfide Redox Conversion.

The electrocatalytic conversion of polysulfides is crucial to lithium-sulfur batteries and mainly occurs at triple-phase interfaces (TPIs). However, the poor electrical conductivity of conventional transition metal oxides results in limited TPIs and inferior electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a TPI engineering approach comprising superior electrically conductive layered double perovskite PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBCO) is proposed as an electrocatalyst to boost the conversion of polysulfides. PBCO has superior electrical conductivity and enriched oxygen vacancies, effectively expanding the TPI to its entire surface. DFT calculation and in situ Raman spectroscopy manifest the electrocatalytic effect of PBCO, proving the critical role of enhanced electrical conductivity of this electrocatalyst. PBCO-based Li-S batteries exhibit an impressive reversible capacity of 612 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 C with a capacity fading rate of 0.067% per cycle. This work reveals the mechanism of the enriched TPI approach and provides novel insight into designing new catalysts for high-performance Li-S batteries.

Role of mangrove forest in interception of microplastics (MPs): Challenges, progress, and prospects.

Mangroves receive microplastics (MPs) from terrestrial, marine and atmospheric sources, acting as a huge filter for environmental MPs between land and sea. Due to the high primary production and complex hydrodynamic conditions in mangroves, MPs are extensively intercepted in various ways while flowing through mangroves, leading to a long-standing but fiercely increasing MPs accumulation. However, current researches mainly focused on the occurrence, source and fate of MPs pollution in mangroves, ignoring the role of mangrove forests in the interception of MPs. Our study firstly demonstrates that mangrove ecosystems have significantly greater MPs interception capacity than their surrounding environments. Then, the current status of studies related to the interception of MPs in mangrove ecosystems is comprehensively reviewed, with the main focus on the interception process and mechanisms. At last, the most pressing shortcomings of current research are highlighted regarding the intercepted flux, interception mechanisms, retention time and ecological risks of MPs in mangrove ecosystems and the relevant future perspectives are provided. This review is expected to emphasize the critical role of mangrove forests in the interception of MPs and provide the foundational knowledge for evaluating the MPs interception effect of mangrove forests globally.

Carboxymethyl starch as a solid dispersion carrier to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of piperine and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the applicability of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) as a carrier to prepare solid dispersions (SDs) of piperine (PIP) and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (ß-GA) (PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs) and to explore the influence of drug properties on carrier selection. SIGNIFICANCE: The low oral bioavailability of natural therapeutic molecules, including PIP and ß-GA, severely restricts their pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, CMS, a natural polymer, is rarely reported as a carrier for SDs. METHODS: PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for formulation characterization. Additionally, drug release characteristics were investigated. RESULTS: In vitro dissolution studies showed that the dissolutions of PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs were 1.90-2.04 and 1.97-2.22 times higher than pure PIP and ß-GA, respectively, at a drug:polymer ratio of 1:6. DSC, XRPD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of SDs in their amorphous states. Significant improvements in Cmax and AUC0-24 h of PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs (17.51 ± 8.15 µg/mL and 210.28 ± 117.13 µg·h/mL, respectively) and (32.17 ± 9.45 µg/mL and 165.36 ± 38.75 µg·h/mL, respectively) were observed in the pharmacokinetic study. Compared with weakly acidic ß-GA, loading weakly basic PIP seemed to have a profound effect on stability through intermolecular forces. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed CMS could be a promising carrier for SDs, and loading weakly basic drug may be more suitable, especially in binary SDs system.

Occurrence and distribution of lipophilic marine algal toxins in the coastal seawater of Southeast China and the South China Sea.

The composition, levels, and spatial distribution of dissolved lipophilic marine algal toxins (LMATs) including cyclic imines (CIs), yessotoxins (YTXs), okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), and brevetoxins (BTXs) in the coastal waters of Southeast China (Xiamen) and the South China Sea (Hainan Island and Beibu Gulf) were investigated and compared for the first time. Dissolved AZA3 was firstly detected in the coastal seawater of China. OA and PTX2 were widely distributed in the three areas studied. Gymnodimine (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), YTX, and homo-yessotoxins (h-YTX) were found mainly in the South China Sea. The average ∑LMAT concentrations in the coastal waters of Xiamen, Hainan Island, and Beibu Gulf were 10.02 ng/L, 4.21 ng/L, and 44.27 ng/L, respectively. More groups and much higher concentrations of LMATs occurred in the South China Sea than that in the other sea areas of China.

Sodium hyaluronates applied in the face affects the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy people.

OBJECTIVE: A healthy and stable microbiome has many beneficial effects on the host, while an unbalanced or disordered microbiome can lead to various skin diseases. Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries; however, specific reports on its effect on the skin microflora of healthy people have not been published. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the facial microflora of healthy individuals. METHODS: Face of 20 healthy female volunteers between 18 and 24 years was smeared with sodium hyaluronate solution once per day. Cotton swabs were used to retrieve samples on days 0, 14, and 28, and high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA was used to determine the changes in bacterial community composition. RESULTS: Facial application of HA can reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as Cutibacterium and S. aureus, and increase the colonization of beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION: This is the first intuitive report to demonstrate the effect of hyaluronic acid on facial microflora in healthy people. Accordingly, sodium hyaluronate was found to have a positive effect on facial skin health.

Riverine microplastics derived from mulch film in Hainan Island: Occurrence, source and fate.

Mulch film (MF) residues is an important source of microplastics (MPs) in farmland, but its transportation risk to the wider environment was still unknown. Some researches have pursued the sources of MPs found in exorheic rivers. Even so, a systematic study depicting the occurrence, source and fate of microplastics derived from mulch films (MPMF), the crucial component of MPs in farmlands, in exorheic rivers still lacking. Here, the combination of UV-Vis Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to identify the full-size MPMF (1-5000 µm) in field sediment samples collected by single-diagonal systematic sampling. This study verified that MPMF, a polyethylene-matrix composite doped with additives, contributed a considerable part of MPs detected in upstream farmland soil and riverine sediments, and even had an abundance of 38 ± 11 items/kg to 82 ± 15 items/kg, accounting for 9.0%-13.7% of the total MPs in estuary sediments. Notably, upstream farmland was identified to the main source of the riverine MPMF by partial least square path modeling (PLS-PM), contributing to 94.7% of MPMF in riverside sediments and 85.0% of MPMF in estuary sediments. Our study first demonstrates that MPMF constitutes a non-negligible component of MPs in estuarine sediments and underlines the urgency of strengthening the management of MPs pollution in drainage areas with a high agricultural intensity.

Metagenomic insights into environmental risk of field microplastics in an urban river.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging as anthropogenic vectors for the colonization and transportation of microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems. However, the composition of the microbiome and its environmental risk on field MPs at watershed scale has rarely been explored. Here, geographical distributions of microbiome, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) on field MPs at watershed scale were characterized and their potential environmental risks were evaluated based on the data from metagenomic analyzes. The succession of microbial communities on MPs was observed along the watershed, and some ARGs and VFs were significantly enriched on MPs in urban region in comparison with rural region. Potential environmental risk of MPs conducted by Projection Pursuit Regression model in midstream (peri-urban region) and downstream (urban region) were significantly higher than that in upstream (rural region), and exhibit close relationships with MPs concentration and water velocity. Furthermore, our source tracking results demonstrated that the microbiome, ARGs and VFs in urban region MPs were largely derived from rural region MPs. Our results caution us that special attention should be paid to the risks posed by MPs in urban water bodies, and highlight the threat of MPs from rural upstream areas.